Apkārtējās vides faktoru kaitīgā ietekme uz organismu

Different (even mundane) mechanical, physical, chemical, biological and socio-psychogenic aetiologies can run pathogens if they exceed the adaptive capacity of the organism or organism reactivity is altered. In addition, scientific and technical progress in this century created particularly harmful to the body, ie. s. extreme factors (ionizing radiation, overload, zero gravity, hiperbārija, etc.) to which human evolution has not felt up compensation and adaptation mechanisms. Therefore, these factors can quickly lead to serious consequences.Any environmental factor risk is relative, it depends on both the external and the internal environment of the circumstances.All of the environmental factors on the human body works the existence of certain social conditions, which is very high, sometimes even decisive role in the origin of diseases.

Motor factors

Mechanical energy ( solid object , the shock wave effect) can cause both local and through ! general body damage. Injuries result depends on the size and the mechanical energy of human tissues and organs, physiological , physico-chemical and mechanical properties . It is also important that the local damage combined with bleeding and nervous and skin disorders . Not less important is the general disturbances, which in severe cases, the form of traumatic shock (see the body's overall response to the damage) .Mechanical forces arising from the biological structure of elastic or plastic deformation . Depending on the nature of the injury to the local damage takes the form of a sprain , fracture , bruising, bruise , fracture , curvature , wrench , or a combination thereof .When the motor force exceeds the strength of the tissue margins, bone fracture , ligament and muscle rupture . Mechanical exposure resulted in a dense body tissues ( spine, pelvis , limb bones ) buckling , as well as the dislocation of bone joints and skin damage.

SASTIEPUMS UN PLĪSUMS

Sastiepums mehāniska spēka ietekmē raksturīgs visām dzīvajām struktūrām (locītavu saitēm, cīpslām, muskulatūrai, ādai). Pielikta spēka darbības rezultāts, protams, ir atkarīgs no struktūras mehāniskās izturības, funkcionālā stāvokļa, patoloģiska procesa esamības, cilvēka vecuma un citiem faktoriem. Piemēram, muskulatūra koritrakcijas brīdī ir mazāk stiepjama nekā miera stāvoklī. Iekaisuši audi, kā arī veca cilvēka audi vairāk stiepjas un vieglāk plīst nekā veseli audi vai jauna cilvēka audi.
Trauma var izraisīt kādas ķermeņa daļas, piemēram, ekstremitātes visu struktūru (ādas, muskulatūras, kaulu, saišu u. c.) sastiepumus un plīsumus, pat šīs ķermeņa daļas atrāvumu. Ja mehāniskais spēks nav tik liels, ir svarīgi, vai tas iedarbojas atkārtoti un Ilgstoši. Kaitīgāka ir atkārtota iedarbība. Tā var izraisīt, piemēram, «nišu atslābumu, locītavas fiksējošā aparāta mobilizāciju un ieraduma izmežģījumu.
Dobo orgānu (kuņģa un zarnu trakta orgānu, urīnpūšļa) ilgstošs stiprs piepildījums (evakuācijas traucējumu dēļ) nereti rada gludās muskulatūras un dziedzeru atrofiju, sekretoriskās un motosiskās funkcijas pavājināšanos. Slimniekiem, kam ir aneirisma, ilgstoša iestiepuma rezultātā atrofējas asinsvada sienas, var rasties to plīsums un stipra asiņošana.

Flattening

Different tissue resistance to pressure differently. Is the toughest bone and musculoskeletal . These tissues are exposed to physiological conditions, strong and variable mechanical load (body mass and muscle strength of operation man walking , doing physical work , etc. . Etc. . ) . Soft tissues of the pressure is much lower resistance - even slight bruising in a circulatory and trophic disorders. Prolonged bruising of the tissue (necrosis ) and pressure sores ( decubitus ) . If the pressure acting on the growing tissues , growth slows down or ceases altogether.Prolonged compression syndrome. Soon after the man or , more often, a release from his limb compression ( decompression ) develop severe functional and morphological disorders . The patient's general condition recalls traumatic shock in a two-phase process (see Shock ) . Cause damage to the soft tissues are formed and accumulate biologically active substances (" damage mediators ") , such as potassium and phosphate ions , creatine , Myoglobin, a denatured protein, antihypertensive amines ( histamine , etc.) . These substances act as locally as well as in general . The formation of the increase in capillary permeability and promotes blood plasma transition tissue, resulting in compression appears instead of an array of edema. At the same time , of course, decreases in circulating blood volume ( hypovolemia occurs ) and increases blood viscosity, which in turn contributes to the weakening of the heart , blood , and a reallocation of the cirkulatoriskās hypoxia development. Hypovolemia conditions reduce the urine in the kidney filtration and reabsorption increases , so strong decrease in urine output - oliguria occurs.